Enforce absolute Wasm invocation deadlines

docs/setup.md

@@ -199,6 +199,7 @@ WASM_CORE_PATH=<UCE_REPO_ROOT>/bin/wasm/core.wasm
 WASM_MEMORY_LIMIT_BYTES=536870912
 WASM_EPOCH_DEADLINE_TICKS=200
 WASM_EPOCH_PERIOD_MS=50
+WASM_INVOCATION_TIMEOUT_MS=30000
 MYSQL_PERSISTENT_POOL_SIZE=8
 
 WORKER_COUNT=4
@@ -227,6 +228,16 @@ Important settings:
 - `WASM_COMPILE_SCRIPT` must point to `scripts/compile_wasm_unit` unless you provide an equivalent compiler. Relative paths are resolved from the runtime root/`COMPILER_SYS_PATH`. That script calls `scripts/check_unit_wasm.py` after linking each unit and uses the pinned WASI SDK on every deployment host.
 - `PROACTIVE_COMPILE_JOBS` selects 1–16 low-priority full-site scanner processes (default `2`). Each canonical unit path has one scanner owner. The separate higher-priority demand compiler remains reserved for stale units requested over HTTP, so total background compile concurrency can reach this value plus one.
 - `WASM_CORE_PATH` must point at the built `core.wasm` file.
+- `WASM_EPOCH_DEADLINE_TICKS` and `WASM_EPOCH_PERIOD_MS` bound one
+  uninterrupted guest CPU segment. `WASM_INVOCATION_TIMEOUT_MS` is the
+  separate absolute wall-clock bound for app-owned unit loading,
+  initialization, the selected handler, and all nested component/unit calls.
+  The three values must be positive integers; the ticker period is capped at
+  `1000` ms and the invocation timeout at `86400000` ms. Invalid values prevent
+  the Wasm backend from starting. The invocation timeout defaults to `30000` and is
+  enforced to the epoch ticker's period resolution. Blocking host helpers
+  retain their own shorter limits and are capped to the remaining invocation
+  budget where the underlying operation is cancellable.
 
 After editing settings, restart UCE:
 

docs/wasm-runtime-architecture.md

@@ -200,11 +200,16 @@ The graceful signal handler belongs to the parent and render workers. Generic
 `task()` children restore default termination signals after fork so
 `task_kill()` and `server_stop()` retain their immediate stop contract.
 
-Epoch interruption measures uninterrupted guest CPU segments. The common
-hostcall membrane re-arms the store deadline after every native call, excluding
-blocking I/O, process waits, hashing, and other host work without weakening a
-guest loop that makes no hostcalls. Keeping this at the membrane also covers new
-hostcalls without per-import timeout bookkeeping.
+Epoch interruption measures uninterrupted guest CPU segments. A separate
+absolute workspace invocation deadline starts before app-owned entry-unit
+loading and initialization and remains unchanged through the selected handler,
+ONCE, and every nested component/unit call. The common hostcall membrane checks
+that deadline before and after every native call and re-arms the store with the
+smaller of the remaining absolute budget and the CPU-segment budget. A cheap
+hostcall loop therefore cannot renew an invocation indefinitely. Blocking host
+helpers retain operation-specific limits and cap them to the remaining
+invocation budget where the underlying operation is cancellable. Forked task
+callbacks receive a fresh invocation deadline capped by the task lifetime.
 
 `request_perf()` reports worker module-cache hits and misses and divides a miss
 into artifact lookup, wasm read, custom-section parse, serialized-module
@@ -506,6 +511,9 @@ header free-functions are `inline`. The wasm backend exposes only declarations
 | Key | Default | Meaning |
 |---|---|---|
 | `WASM_BACKEND_VERBOSE` | `0` | Emit `X-UCE-Wasm-*` workspace timing headers (benchmark only). |
+| `WASM_EPOCH_DEADLINE_TICKS` | `200` | Maximum uninterrupted guest CPU segment in epoch ticks; must be positive. |
+| `WASM_EPOCH_PERIOD_MS` | `50` | Worker epoch-ticker period and timeout resolution; range `1`–`1000` ms. |
+| `WASM_INVOCATION_TIMEOUT_MS` | `30000` | Absolute app-owned unit load/init/handler/nested-call deadline; range `1`–`86400000` ms and nested calls cannot renew it. |
 | `FCGI_SOCKET_PATH` | runtime-configured (`/run/uce/fastcgi.sock` in this doc) | Worker pool FastCGI socket (brokers forward here). |
 | `CLI_SOCKET_PATH` | `/run/uce/cli.sock` | Worker CLI/admin socket. Keep private; reference `CLI_SOCKET_MODE` is `0600`. |
 | `FCGI_SOCKET_MODE` | `0666` | Permission mode applied to `FCGI_SOCKET_PATH` after bind; set tighter if nginx/Apache can use a trusted group. |

etc/uce/settings.cfg

@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ WASM_CORE_PATH=bin/wasm/core.wasm
 WASM_MEMORY_LIMIT_BYTES=536870912
 WASM_EPOCH_DEADLINE_TICKS=200
 WASM_EPOCH_PERIOD_MS=50
+WASM_INVOCATION_TIMEOUT_MS=30000
 MYSQL_PERSISTENT_POOL_SIZE=8
 
 # ENABLE THE BACKGROUND PROACTIVE COMPILER LOOP

scripts/run_cli_tests.sh

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ if [[ "$action" == "list" ]]; then
 fi
 
 if [[ "$action" == "run" ]]; then
-	groups=(demo http site doc-gate security task-lifetime pool-isolation starter tcp)
+	groups=(demo http site doc-gate-{1..30} security task-lifetime pool-isolation starter tcp)
 	if [[ "$include_kill" == "1" ]]; then
 		groups+=(wasm-kill)
 	fi
@@ -71,6 +71,7 @@ if [[ "$action" == "run" ]]; then
 	scripts/test_parallel_precompile.sh
 	timeout --signal=TERM --kill-after=5s 175s scripts/test_parallel_proactive_compile.sh
 	scripts/test_cold_component_deadline.sh
+	scripts/test_wasm_invocation_timeout.sh
 	scripts/test_nested_component_props.sh
 	scripts/test_component_once_prefetch.sh
 	scripts/test_relative_component_cache.sh

scripts/test_wasm_invocation_timeout.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+set -euo pipefail
+cd "$(dirname "$0")/.."
+
+raw_calls=$(grep -En -- '(->|\.)call\(' src/wasm/worker.cpp)
+if [[ $(wc -l <<<"$raw_calls") -ne 1 || "$raw_calls" != *'return(func.call(context, args));'* ]]; then
+	echo "raw Wasmtime call bypasses call_guest(): $raw_calls" >&2
+	exit 1
+fi
+if [[ "${1:-}" == "--static-only" ]]; then
+	echo "wasm invocation timeout static call gate passed"
+	exit 0
+fi
+
+settings_file="${UCE_SETTINGS_FILE:-/etc/uce/settings.cfg}"
+site_directory="${UCE_TEST_SITE_DIRECTORY:-site}"
+socket_path="${UCE_CLI_SOCKET:-/run/uce/cli.sock}"
+bin_directory="${BIN_DIRECTORY:-/tmp/uce/work}"
+if [[ -r "$settings_file" ]]; then
+	[[ -n "${UCE_TEST_SITE_DIRECTORY:-}" ]] || site_directory=$(awk -F= '/^[[:space:]]*SITE_DIRECTORY[[:space:]]*=/ {gsub(/^[[:space:]]+|[[:space:]]+$/, "", $2); print $2; exit}' "$settings_file")
+	[[ -n "${UCE_CLI_SOCKET:-}" ]] || socket_path=$(awk -F= '/^[[:space:]]*CLI_SOCKET_PATH[[:space:]]*=/ {gsub(/^[[:space:]]+|[[:space:]]+$/, "", $2); print $2; exit}' "$settings_file")
+	[[ -n "${BIN_DIRECTORY:-}" ]] || bin_directory=$(awk -F= '/^[[:space:]]*BIN_DIRECTORY[[:space:]]*=/ {gsub(/^[[:space:]]+|[[:space:]]+$/, "", $2); print $2; exit}' "$settings_file")
+	invocation_ms=$(awk -F= '/^[[:space:]]*WASM_INVOCATION_TIMEOUT_MS[[:space:]]*=/ {gsub(/^[[:space:]]+|[[:space:]]+$/, "", $2); print $2; exit}' "$settings_file")
+fi
+site_directory="${site_directory:-site}"
+socket_path="${socket_path:-/run/uce/cli.sock}"
+bin_directory="${bin_directory:-/tmp/uce/work}"
+invocation_ms="${invocation_ms:-30000}"
+test_name="invocation-timeout-test-$$"
+source_dir="$site_directory/$test_name"
+pid_file="/tmp/uce-$test_name-worker"
+cache_dir=""
+body_file="/tmp/uce-$test_name-body"
+
+cleanup() {
+	rm -rf "$source_dir"
+	[[ -z "$cache_dir" ]] || rm -rf "$cache_dir"
+	rm -f "$pid_file" "$body_file"
+}
+trap cleanup EXIT
+mkdir -p "$source_dir"
+cache_dir="$(scripts/unit_cache_directory "$bin_directory")$(realpath "$source_dir")"
+
+printf '%s\n' \
+	'CLI(Request& context) {' \
+	'  if(context.get["warm"] == "1") { print("warm"); return; }' \
+	"  file_put_contents(\"$pid_file\", std::to_string(request_perf()[\"worker_pid\"].to_u64()));" \
+	'  while(true) time_precise();' \
+	'}' >"$source_dir/hostcall-loop.uce"
+printf '%s\n' \
+	'CLI(Request& context) {' \
+	'  if(context.get["warm"] == "1") { print("warm"); return; }' \
+	'  if(context.get["quick"] == "1") { print(shell_exec("printf quick")); return; }' \
+	'  if(context.get["status"] == "1") { DValue spec; spec["cmd"] = "exit 7"; spec["timeout_ms"] = (f64)500; print(shell_exec(spec)["exit_code"].to_u64()); return; }' \
+	'  if(context.get["zero"] == "1") { DValue spec; spec["cmd"] = "printf zero"; spec["timeout_ms"] = (f64)0; print(shell_exec(spec)["stdout"].to_string()); return; }' \
+	'  if(context.get["job"] == "1") { DValue spec; spec["cmd"] = "sleep 2"; spec["timeout_ms"] = (f64)5000; u64 job = shell_spawn(spec); f64 started = time_precise(); job_await(job, 300); u64 elapsed = (u64)((time_precise() - started) * 1000); job_cancel(job); print(elapsed); return; }' \
+	"  file_put_contents(\"$pid_file\", std::to_string(request_perf()[\"worker_pid\"].to_u64()));" \
+	'  print(shell_exec("printf shell-start; sleep 60 & printf shell-end"));' \
+	'}' >"$source_dir/legacy-shell.uce"
+printf '%s\n' \
+	'CLI(Request& context) {' \
+	'  if(context.get["warm"] == "1") { print("warm"); return; }' \
+	"  file_put_contents(\"$pid_file\", std::to_string(request_perf()[\"worker_pid\"].to_u64()));" \
+	'  while(true) sleep(60);' \
+	'  print("sleep-end");' \
+	'}' >"$source_dir/sleep.uce"
+printf '%s\n' \
+	'CLI(Request& context) { print(request_perf()["worker_pid"].to_u64(), "|health"); }' >"$source_dir/health.uce"
+
+max_seconds=$(( (invocation_ms + 15000) / 1000 ))
+(( max_seconds >= 10 )) || max_seconds=10
+
+request() {
+	local unit="$1"
+	curl -sS --max-time "$max_seconds" -o "$body_file" -w '%{http_code}' --unix-socket "$socket_path" "http://localhost/$test_name/$unit"
+}
+
+same_worker_health() {
+	local expected_pid="$1"
+	for _ in $(seq 1 32); do
+		local health
+		health=$(curl -sS --max-time 5 --fail-with-body --unix-socket "$socket_path" "http://localhost/$test_name/health.uce")
+		[[ "$health" == "$expected_pid|health" ]] && return 0
+	done
+	return 1
+}
+
+curl -sS --max-time "$max_seconds" --fail-with-body --unix-socket "$socket_path" "http://localhost/$test_name/hostcall-loop.uce?warm=1" >/dev/null
+curl -sS --max-time "$max_seconds" --fail-with-body --unix-socket "$socket_path" "http://localhost/$test_name/legacy-shell.uce?warm=1" >/dev/null
+curl -sS --max-time "$max_seconds" --fail-with-body --unix-socket "$socket_path" "http://localhost/$test_name/sleep.uce?warm=1" >/dev/null
+curl -sS --max-time "$max_seconds" --fail-with-body --unix-socket "$socket_path" "http://localhost/$test_name/health.uce" >/dev/null
+quick=$(curl -sS --max-time 5 --fail-with-body --unix-socket "$socket_path" "http://localhost/$test_name/legacy-shell.uce?quick=1")
+[[ "$quick" == quick ]] || { echo "quick legacy shell returned: $quick" >&2; exit 1; }
+exit_status=$(curl -sS --max-time 5 --fail-with-body --unix-socket "$socket_path" "http://localhost/$test_name/legacy-shell.uce?status=1")
+[[ "$exit_status" == 7 ]] || { echo "structured shell lost exit status: $exit_status" >&2; exit 1; }
+zero_timeout=$(curl -sS --max-time 5 --fail-with-body --unix-socket "$socket_path" "http://localhost/$test_name/legacy-shell.uce?zero=1")
+[[ "$zero_timeout" == zero ]] || { echo "structured shell zero-timeout default changed: $zero_timeout" >&2; exit 1; }
+job_elapsed=$(curl -sS --max-time 5 --fail-with-body --unix-socket "$socket_path" "http://localhost/$test_name/legacy-shell.uce?job=1")
+[[ "$job_elapsed" =~ ^[0-9]+$ && "$job_elapsed" -ge 200 && "$job_elapsed" -lt 500 ]] || { echo "job_await two-call duration was ${job_elapsed}ms" >&2; exit 1; }
+
+for unit in hostcall-loop.uce legacy-shell.uce sleep.uce; do
+	rm -f "$pid_file"
+	started_ns=$(date +%s%N)
+	status=$(request "$unit")
+	elapsed_ms=$(( ($(date +%s%N) - started_ns) / 1000000 ))
+	[[ "$status" == "500" ]] || { echo "$unit returned HTTP $status" >&2; exit 1; }
+	if [[ "$unit" == legacy-shell.uce ]]; then
+		if (( invocation_ms <= 5000 )); then
+			grep -q 'UCE_INVOCATION_TIMEOUT:' "$body_file" || { echo "$unit lacked invocation-timeout classification" >&2; exit 1; }
+			expected_ms=$invocation_ms
+		else
+			grep -q 'UCE_HOSTCALL_TIMEOUT:' "$body_file" || { echo "$unit lacked hostcall-timeout classification" >&2; exit 1; }
+			expected_ms=5000
+		fi
+	else
+		grep -q 'UCE_INVOCATION_TIMEOUT:' "$body_file" || { echo "$unit lacked invocation-timeout classification" >&2; exit 1; }
+		expected_ms=$invocation_ms
+	fi
+	(( elapsed_ms >= expected_ms - 1000 && elapsed_ms <= expected_ms + 3000 )) || { echo "$unit completed in ${elapsed_ms}ms; expected about ${expected_ms}ms" >&2; exit 1; }
+	grep -q "$unit" "$body_file" || { echo "$unit lacked a source-mapped trace" >&2; exit 1; }
+	[[ -s "$pid_file" ]] || { echo "$unit did not record its worker" >&2; exit 1; }
+	worker_pid=$(<"$pid_file")
+	same_worker_health "$worker_pid" || { echo "worker $worker_pid did not survive $unit" >&2; exit 1; }
+done
+
+echo "wasm invocation timeout passed (absolute ${invocation_ms}ms; sleep and process hostcalls bounded)"

site/tests/cli_runner.uce

@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ bool cli_doc_example_is_placeholder(String source)
 	return(false);
 }
 
-void cli_run_doc_pages_gate()
+void cli_run_doc_pages_gate(u64 shard = 0, u64 shard_count = 1)
 {
 	StringList error_markers;
 	error_markers.push_back("doc example error");
@@ -207,12 +207,15 @@ void cli_run_doc_pages_gate()
 	error_markers.push_back(String("uncaught exception during ") + "request");
 	error_markers.push_back("timed out acquiring compile lock");
 
-	for(String file_name : ls("../doc/pages/"))
+	u64 page_index = 0;
+	for(String file_name : ls("../doc/pages/").sort())
 	{
 		String source = file_get_contents("../doc/pages/" + file_name);
 		String page = nibble(file_name, ".");
 		if(page == "")
 			continue;
+		if(page_index++ % shard_count != shard)
+			continue;
 		bool has_example = cli_doc_source_has_example(source);
 		String path = "/doc/index.uce?p=" + uri_encode(page);
 		CliHttpResponse res;
@@ -465,7 +468,7 @@ void cli_run_wasm_kill(bool include_kill)
 void cli_print_list(bool include_kill)
 {
 	print("UCE CLI test groups:\n");
-	print("  demo, http, site, doc-gate, security, task-lifetime, pool-isolation, starter, tcp");
+	print("  demo, http, site, doc-gate-1..30, security, task-lifetime, pool-isolation, starter, tcp");
 	if(include_kill)
 		print(", wasm-kill");
 	print("\n");
@@ -480,8 +483,16 @@ bool cli_run_group(String group, bool skip_local_service_pages, bool include_kil
 		cli_run_http_smoke();
 	else if(group == "site")
 		cli_run_site_suite(skip_local_service_pages);
-	else if(group == "doc-gate")
-		cli_run_doc_pages_gate();
+	else if(str_starts_with(group, "doc-gate-"))
+	{
+		u64 shard = int_val(group.substr(9));
+		if(shard < 1 || shard > 30)
+		{
+			cli_test_case("uce_cli_runner:known doc gate shard", false, "unknown group: " + group);
+			return(false);
+		}
+		cli_run_doc_pages_gate(shard - 1, 30);
+	}
 	else if(group == "security")
 		cli_run_security_smoke();
 	else if(group == "task-lifetime")
@@ -526,7 +537,11 @@ CLI(Request& context)
 		cli_run_group(group, input["skip_local_service_pages"].to_bool(), include_kill);
 	else
 	{
-		for(String item : { "demo", "http", "site", "doc-gate", "security", "task-lifetime", "pool-isolation", "starter", "tcp" })
+		for(String item : { "demo", "http", "site" })
+			cli_run_group(item, input["skip_local_service_pages"].to_bool(), include_kill);
+		for(u64 shard = 1; shard <= 30; shard++)
+			cli_run_group("doc-gate-" + std::to_string(shard), input["skip_local_service_pages"].to_bool(), include_kill);
+		for(String item : { "security", "task-lifetime", "pool-isolation", "starter", "tcp" })
 			cli_run_group(item, input["skip_local_service_pages"].to_bool(), include_kill);
 		cli_run_group("wasm-kill", input["skip_local_service_pages"].to_bool(), include_kill);
 	}

src/lib/sys.cpp

@@ -1396,6 +1396,48 @@ std::map<pid_t, Worker> workers;
 #include <sys/resource.h>
 #include <sys/prctl.h>
 
+// The process-wide reaper may run on a runtime thread while a request thread
+// synchronously owns a child. Preserve unknown statuses until that owner takes
+// them instead of forcing it to guess success after waitpid reports ECHILD.
+static const size_t child_exit_status_capacity = 256;
+static volatile sig_atomic_t child_exit_status_cursor = 0;
+static volatile sig_atomic_t child_exit_status_pids[child_exit_status_capacity] = {0};
+static volatile sig_atomic_t child_exit_status_values[child_exit_status_capacity] = {0};
+static volatile sig_atomic_t child_exit_status_sequences[child_exit_status_capacity] = {0};
+
+static void child_exit_status_publish(pid_t pid, int status)
+{
+	sig_atomic_t cursor = __atomic_fetch_add(&child_exit_status_cursor, 1, __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
+	size_t slot = (size_t)(unsigned int)cursor % child_exit_status_capacity;
+	__atomic_store_n(&child_exit_status_pids[slot], 0, __ATOMIC_RELEASE);
+	__atomic_store_n(&child_exit_status_values[slot], (sig_atomic_t)status, __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
+	__atomic_store_n(&child_exit_status_sequences[slot], cursor + 1, __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
+	__atomic_store_n(&child_exit_status_pids[slot], (sig_atomic_t)pid, __ATOMIC_RELEASE);
+}
+
+unsigned int child_exit_status_snapshot()
+{
+	return((unsigned int)__atomic_load_n(&child_exit_status_cursor, __ATOMIC_ACQUIRE));
+}
+
+bool child_exit_status_take(pid_t pid, int& status, unsigned int since)
+{
+	for(size_t slot = 0; slot < child_exit_status_capacity; slot++)
+	{
+		unsigned int sequence = (unsigned int)__atomic_load_n(&child_exit_status_sequences[slot], __ATOMIC_ACQUIRE);
+		unsigned int distance = sequence - since;
+		if(sequence == 0 || distance == 0 || distance >= 0x80000000u)
+			continue;
+		sig_atomic_t expected = (sig_atomic_t)pid;
+		if(__atomic_compare_exchange_n(&child_exit_status_pids[slot], &expected, 0, false, __ATOMIC_ACQUIRE, __ATOMIC_RELAXED))
+		{
+			status = (int)__atomic_load_n(&child_exit_status_values[slot], __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
+			return(true);
+		}
+	}
+	return(false);
+}
+
 pid_t spawn_subprocess(std::function<void()> exec_after_spawn)
 {
 	parent_pid = getpid();
@@ -1648,6 +1690,7 @@ void on_child_exit(int sig)
 		}
 		else
 		{
+			child_exit_status_publish(pid, status);
 			printf("(P) task child reaped (PID:%i)\n", pid);
 		}
 	}

src/lib/sys.h

@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@ s32 usleep(u32 usec);
 #else
 #include <sys/file.h>
 #include <signal.h>
+unsigned int child_exit_status_snapshot();
+bool child_exit_status_take(pid_t pid, int& status, unsigned int since);
 #endif
 #include <ctime>
 #include <sstream>

src/wasm/backend.cpp

@@ -50,7 +50,24 @@ static String wasm_backend_ensure_started(Request* context)
 		if(cfg[key] != "")
 			wc.write_roots.push_back(cfg[key]);
 	wc.memory_limit = (int64_t)to_u64(cfg["WASM_MEMORY_LIMIT_BYTES"], 512ull * 1024 * 1024);
-	wc.epoch_deadline_ticks = to_u64(cfg["WASM_EPOCH_DEADLINE_TICKS"], 200);
+	wc.epoch_deadline_ticks = to_u64(first(cfg["WASM_EPOCH_DEADLINE_TICKS"], "200"), 0);
+	wc.epoch_period_ms = to_u64(first(cfg["WASM_EPOCH_PERIOD_MS"], "50"), 0);
+	wc.invocation_timeout_ms = to_u64(first(cfg["WASM_INVOCATION_TIMEOUT_MS"], "30000"), 0);
+	if(wc.epoch_deadline_ticks == 0 || wc.epoch_deadline_ticks > (u64)INT64_MAX)
+	{
+		g_wasm_init_error = "WASM_EPOCH_DEADLINE_TICKS must be a positive integer no greater than INT64_MAX";
+		return(g_wasm_init_error);
+	}
+	if(wc.epoch_period_ms == 0 || wc.epoch_period_ms > 1000)
+	{
+		g_wasm_init_error = "WASM_EPOCH_PERIOD_MS must be a positive integer no greater than 1000";
+		return(g_wasm_init_error);
+	}
+	if(wc.invocation_timeout_ms == 0 || wc.invocation_timeout_ms > 86400000)
+	{
+		g_wasm_init_error = "WASM_INVOCATION_TIMEOUT_MS must be a positive integer no greater than 86400000";
+		return(g_wasm_init_error);
+	}
 	wc.mysql_persistent_pool_size = std::min<u64>(to_u64(cfg["MYSQL_PERSISTENT_POOL_SIZE"], 8), 64);
 	wc.profile_hostcall_cpu = to_bool(cfg["WASM_PROFILE_HOSTCALL_CPU"], false);
 	wc.profile_thread_runtime = to_bool(cfg["WASM_PROFILE_THREAD_RUNTIME"], false);
@@ -84,7 +101,9 @@ static String wasm_backend_ensure_started(Request* context)
 
 	g_wasm_epoch_running.store(true);
 	WasmWorker* worker = g_wasm_worker;
-	u64 period_ms = to_u64(cfg["WASM_EPOCH_PERIOD_MS"], 50);
+	u64 period_ms = wc.epoch_period_ms;
+	// The ticker inherits this block so it cannot run the process-wide child reaper.
+	WasmSigchldBlock sigchld;
 	g_wasm_epoch_ticker = new std::thread([worker, period_ms] {
 		while(g_wasm_epoch_running.load())
 		{
@@ -92,6 +111,7 @@ static String wasm_backend_ensure_started(Request* context)
 			worker->engine.increment_epoch();
 		}
 	});
+	sigchld.restore();
 	return("");
 }
 

src/wasm/worker.cpp

@@ -148,6 +148,8 @@ struct WasmWorkerConfig
 	int64_t memory_limit = 512ll * 1024 * 1024;
 	u32 table_headroom = 4096;
 	u64 epoch_deadline_ticks = 200;    // ticker period × ticks = CPU budget
+	u64 epoch_period_ms = 50;
+	u64 invocation_timeout_ms = 30000;
 	u64 mysql_persistent_pool_size = 8;
 	bool profile_hostcall_cpu = false;
 	bool profile_thread_runtime = false;
@@ -291,6 +293,130 @@ static u64 wasm_monotonic_ms()
 	return((u64)ts.tv_sec * 1000ull + (u64)ts.tv_nsec / 1000000ull);
 }
 
+class WasmSigchldBlock
+{
+	sigset_t previous;
+	bool blocked = false;
+public:
+	WasmSigchldBlock()
+	{
+		sigset_t mask;
+		sigemptyset(&mask);
+		sigaddset(&mask, SIGCHLD);
+		blocked = pthread_sigmask(SIG_BLOCK, &mask, &previous) == 0;
+	}
+	void restore()
+	{
+		if(blocked)
+		{
+			pthread_sigmask(SIG_SETMASK, &previous, 0);
+			blocked = false;
+		}
+	}
+	~WasmSigchldBlock() { restore(); }
+};
+
+static u64 wasm_deadline_after_ms(u64 timeout_ms)
+{
+	u64 now = wasm_monotonic_ms();
+	return(timeout_ms > UINT64_MAX - now ? UINT64_MAX : now + timeout_ms);
+}
+
+static bool wasm_socket_wait(int fd, short events, u64 deadline)
+{
+	while(true)
+	{
+		u64 now = wasm_monotonic_ms();
+		if(now >= deadline)
+			return(false);
+		u64 remaining_ms = deadline - now;
+		struct pollfd item = { fd, events, 0 };
+		int rc = poll(&item, 1, (int)std::min<u64>(INT_MAX, remaining_ms));
+		if(rc > 0)
+			return((item.revents & (events | POLLERR | POLLHUP)) != 0);
+		if(rc == 0)
+			return(false);
+		if(errno != EINTR)
+			return(false);
+	}
+}
+
+static u64 wasm_socket_connect_bounded(const String& host, u16 port, u64 timeout_ms)
+{
+	int fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_TCP);
+	if(fd < 0)
+		return(0);
+	int flags = fcntl(fd, F_GETFL, 0);
+	if(flags < 0 || fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, flags | O_NONBLOCK) != 0)
+	{
+		close(fd);
+		return(0);
+	}
+	struct sockaddr_in address = {0};
+	address.sin_family = AF_INET;
+	address.sin_port = htons(port);
+	if(inet_pton(AF_INET, host.c_str(), &address.sin_addr) != 1)
+	{
+		close(fd);
+		return(0);
+	}
+	int rc = connect(fd, (struct sockaddr*)&address, sizeof(address));
+	if(rc != 0 && errno == EINPROGRESS && wasm_socket_wait(fd, POLLOUT, wasm_deadline_after_ms(timeout_ms)))
+	{
+		int error = 0;
+		socklen_t error_size = sizeof(error);
+		rc = getsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_ERROR, &error, &error_size) == 0 && error == 0 ? 0 : -1;
+	}
+	if(rc != 0)
+	{
+		close(fd);
+		return(0);
+	}
+	if(fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, flags) != 0)
+	{
+		close(fd);
+		return(0);
+	}
+	if(fd == 0)
+	{
+		int moved = dup(fd);
+		close(fd);
+		fd = moved;
+	}
+	if(fd <= 0)
+		return(0);
+	if(context)
+		context->resources.sockets.push_back(fd);
+	return((u64)fd);
+}
+
+static bool wasm_socket_write_bounded(u64 socket_fd, const String& data, u64 timeout_ms)
+{
+	int fd = (int)socket_fd;
+	u64 deadline = wasm_deadline_after_ms(timeout_ms);
+	size_t offset = 0;
+	while(offset < data.size())
+	{
+		if(!wasm_socket_wait(fd, POLLOUT, deadline))
+			return(false);
+		ssize_t written = send(fd, data.data() + offset, data.size() - offset, MSG_DONTWAIT | MSG_NOSIGNAL);
+		if(written > 0)
+			offset += (size_t)written;
+		else if(written < 0 && errno != EINTR && errno != EAGAIN && errno != EWOULDBLOCK)
+			return(false);
+	}
+	return(true);
+}
+
+static String wasm_socket_read_bounded(u64 socket_fd, u32 max_length, u64 timeout_ms)
+{
+	if(max_length == 0 || !wasm_socket_wait((int)socket_fd, POLLIN, wasm_deadline_after_ms(timeout_ms)))
+		return("");
+	std::vector<char> buffer(max_length);
+	ssize_t count = recv((int)socket_fd, buffer.data(), buffer.size(), MSG_DONTWAIT);
+	return(count > 0 ? String(buffer.data(), (size_t)count) : String(""));
+}
+
 static f64 wasm_thread_cpu_time()
 {
 	struct timespec ts;
@@ -426,30 +552,50 @@ static DValue uce_process_exec(String cmd, String input, StringMap env, u64 time
 	if(timeout_ms == 0) timeout_ms = 5000;
 	int inpipe[2], outpipe[2], errpipe[2];
 	if(pipe(inpipe) || pipe(outpipe) || pipe(errpipe)) { r["stderr"]="pipe failed"; return(r); }
+	// The process-wide handler reaps background children; this caller owns this child's status.
+	WasmSigchldBlock sigchld;
+	unsigned int child_status_snapshot = child_exit_status_snapshot();
 	pid_t pid = fork();
+	if(pid < 0)
+	{
+		close(inpipe[0]); close(inpipe[1]); close(outpipe[0]); close(outpipe[1]); close(errpipe[0]); close(errpipe[1]);
+		r["stderr"] = "fork failed";
+		return(r);
+	}
 	if(pid == 0)
 	{
+		sigchld.restore();
+		setpgid(0, 0);
 		dup2(inpipe[0], 0); dup2(outpipe[1], 1); dup2(errpipe[1], 2);
 		close(inpipe[0]); close(inpipe[1]); close(outpipe[0]); close(outpipe[1]); close(errpipe[0]); close(errpipe[1]);
 		for(auto& kv : env) setenv(kv.first.c_str(), kv.second.c_str(), 1);
 		execl("/bin/sh", "sh", "-c", cmd.c_str(), (char*)0);
 		_exit(127);
 	}
+	setpgid(pid, pid);
 	close(inpipe[0]); close(outpipe[1]); close(errpipe[1]);
+	fcntl(inpipe[1], F_SETFL, fcntl(inpipe[1], F_GETFL, 0) | O_NONBLOCK);
 	fcntl(outpipe[0], F_SETFL, fcntl(outpipe[0], F_GETFL, 0) | O_NONBLOCK);
 	fcntl(errpipe[0], F_SETFL, fcntl(errpipe[0], F_GETFL, 0) | O_NONBLOCK);
-	size_t input_off = 0; bool in_open = true, out_open = true, err_open = true; int status = 0; bool exited = false;
+	size_t input_off = 0; bool in_open = true, out_open = true, err_open = true; int status = 0; bool exited = false, status_valid = false;
 	u64 deadline = wasm_monotonic_ms() + timeout_ms;
 	while(out_open || err_open || !exited)
 	{
 		if(!exited)
 		{
 			pid_t w = waitpid(pid, &status, WNOHANG);
-			if(w == pid) exited = true;
+			if(w == pid) { exited = true; status_valid = true; }
+			else if(w < 0 && errno == ECHILD)
+			{
+				u64 transfer_deadline = wasm_deadline_after_ms(50);
+				do { status_valid = child_exit_status_take(pid, status, child_status_snapshot); if(!status_valid) sched_yield(); } while(!status_valid && wasm_monotonic_ms() < transfer_deadline);
+				exited = true;
+				if(!status_valid) r["stderr"] = r["stderr"].to_string() + "lost child exit status";
+			}
 		}
 		if(in_open)
 		{
-			if(input_off < input.size()) { ssize_t n=write(inpipe[1], input.data()+input_off, input.size()-input_off); if(n>0) input_off += (size_t)n; else if(n<0 && errno!=EINTR) { close(inpipe[1]); in_open=false; } }
+			if(input_off < input.size()) { ssize_t n=write(inpipe[1], input.data()+input_off, input.size()-input_off); if(n>0) input_off += (size_t)n; else if(n<0 && errno!=EINTR && errno!=EAGAIN && errno!=EWOULDBLOCK) { close(inpipe[1]); in_open=false; } }
 			else { close(inpipe[1]); in_open=false; }
 		}
 		char buf[4096];
@@ -458,17 +604,22 @@ static DValue uce_process_exec(String cmd, String input, StringMap env, u64 time
 		if(n == 0 && out_open) { close(outpipe[0]); out_open=false; }
 		while((n=read(errpipe[0], buf, sizeof(buf))) > 0) r["stderr"] = r["stderr"].to_string() + String(buf, n);
 		if(n == 0 && err_open) { close(errpipe[0]); err_open=false; }
-		if(!exited && wasm_monotonic_ms() >= deadline)
+		if((out_open || err_open || !exited) && wasm_monotonic_ms() >= deadline)
 		{
 			r["timed_out"].set_bool(true);
+			kill(-pid, SIGKILL);
 			kill(pid, SIGKILL);
-			waitpid(pid, &status, 0);
+			if(!exited)
+				status_valid = waitpid(pid, &status, 0) == pid;
 			exited = true;
+			if(in_open) { close(inpipe[1]); in_open=false; }
+			if(out_open) { close(outpipe[0]); out_open=false; }
+			if(err_open) { close(errpipe[0]); err_open=false; }
 		}
 		if((out_open || err_open || !exited)) usleep(10000);
 	}
-	if(WIFEXITED(status)) { r["exit_code"] = (f64)WEXITSTATUS(status); r["timed_out"].set_bool(false); }
-	else if(WIFSIGNALED(status)) r["exit_code"] = (f64)(128 + WTERMSIG(status));
+	if(status_valid && WIFEXITED(status)) r["exit_code"] = (f64)WEXITSTATUS(status);
+	else if(status_valid && WIFSIGNALED(status)) r["exit_code"] = (f64)(128 + WTERMSIG(status));
 	return(r);
 }
 
@@ -514,27 +665,38 @@ static DValue uce_exec_argv_capture(std::vector<String> argv, String input, u64
 	if(timeout_ms == 0) timeout_ms = 5000;
 	int inpipe[2], outpipe[2], errpipe[2];
 	if(pipe(inpipe)||pipe(outpipe)||pipe(errpipe)) { r["stderr"]="pipe failed"; return(r); }
+	WasmSigchldBlock sigchld;
+	unsigned int child_status_snapshot=child_exit_status_snapshot();
 	pid_t pid=fork();
 	if(pid==0)
 	{
+		sigchld.restore();
+		setpgid(0,0);
 		dup2(inpipe[0],0); dup2(outpipe[1],1); dup2(errpipe[1],2);
 		close(inpipe[0]); close(inpipe[1]); close(outpipe[0]); close(outpipe[1]); close(errpipe[0]); close(errpipe[1]);
 		std::vector<char*> args; for(auto& a: argv) args.push_back((char*)a.c_str()); args.push_back(0);
 		execvp(args[0], args.data()); _exit(127);
 	}
+	if(pid < 0)
+	{
+		close(inpipe[0]); close(inpipe[1]); close(outpipe[0]); close(outpipe[1]); close(errpipe[0]); close(errpipe[1]);
+		r["stderr"] = "fork failed";
+		return(r);
+	}
+	setpgid(pid,pid);
 	close(inpipe[0]); close(outpipe[1]); close(errpipe[1]);
-	fcntl(outpipe[0], F_SETFL, fcntl(outpipe[0], F_GETFL, 0)|O_NONBLOCK); fcntl(errpipe[0], F_SETFL, fcntl(errpipe[0], F_GETFL, 0)|O_NONBLOCK);
-	size_t input_off=0; bool in_open=true,out_open=true,err_open=true,exited=false; int status=0; u64 deadline=wasm_monotonic_ms()+timeout_ms;
+	fcntl(inpipe[1], F_SETFL, fcntl(inpipe[1], F_GETFL, 0)|O_NONBLOCK); fcntl(outpipe[0], F_SETFL, fcntl(outpipe[0], F_GETFL, 0)|O_NONBLOCK); fcntl(errpipe[0], F_SETFL, fcntl(errpipe[0], F_GETFL, 0)|O_NONBLOCK);
+	size_t input_off=0; bool in_open=true,out_open=true,err_open=true,exited=false,status_valid=false; int status=0; u64 deadline=wasm_monotonic_ms()+timeout_ms;
 	while(out_open || err_open || !exited)
 	{
-		if(!exited) { pid_t w=waitpid(pid,&status,WNOHANG); if(w==pid) exited=true; }
-		if(in_open) { if(input_off<input.size()) { ssize_t n=write(inpipe[1], input.data()+input_off, input.size()-input_off); if(n>0) input_off+=(size_t)n; else if(n<0 && errno!=EINTR) { close(inpipe[1]); in_open=false; } } else { close(inpipe[1]); in_open=false; } }
+		if(!exited) { pid_t w=waitpid(pid,&status,WNOHANG); if(w==pid) { exited=true; status_valid=true; } else if(w<0&&errno==ECHILD) { u64 transfer_deadline=wasm_deadline_after_ms(50); do { status_valid=child_exit_status_take(pid,status,child_status_snapshot); if(!status_valid)sched_yield(); } while(!status_valid&&wasm_monotonic_ms()<transfer_deadline); exited=true; if(!status_valid)r["stderr"]=r["stderr"].to_string()+"lost child exit status"; } }
+		if(in_open) { if(input_off<input.size()) { ssize_t n=write(inpipe[1], input.data()+input_off, input.size()-input_off); if(n>0) input_off+=(size_t)n; else if(n<0 && errno!=EINTR && errno!=EAGAIN && errno!=EWOULDBLOCK) { close(inpipe[1]); in_open=false; } } else { close(inpipe[1]); in_open=false; } }
 		char buf[4096]; ssize_t n; while((n=read(outpipe[0],buf,sizeof(buf)))>0) r["stdout"] = r["stdout"].to_string()+String(buf,n); if(n==0&&out_open){close(outpipe[0]);out_open=false;}
 		while((n=read(errpipe[0],buf,sizeof(buf)))>0) r["stderr"] = r["stderr"].to_string()+String(buf,n); if(n==0&&err_open){close(errpipe[0]);err_open=false;}
-		if(!exited && wasm_monotonic_ms() >= deadline) { r["timed_out"].set_bool(true); kill(pid,SIGKILL); waitpid(pid,&status,0); exited=true; }
+		if((out_open || err_open || !exited) && wasm_monotonic_ms() >= deadline) { r["timed_out"].set_bool(true); kill(-pid,SIGKILL); kill(pid,SIGKILL); if(!exited) status_valid=waitpid(pid,&status,0)==pid; exited=true; if(in_open){close(inpipe[1]);in_open=false;} if(out_open){close(outpipe[0]);out_open=false;} if(err_open){close(errpipe[0]);err_open=false;} }
 		if(out_open || err_open || !exited) usleep(10000);
 	}
-	if(WIFEXITED(status)) { r["exit_code"]=(f64)WEXITSTATUS(status); r["timed_out"].set_bool(false); } else if(WIFSIGNALED(status)) r["exit_code"]=(f64)(128+WTERMSIG(status));
+	if(status_valid && WIFEXITED(status)) r["exit_code"]=(f64)WEXITSTATUS(status); else if(status_valid && WIFSIGNALED(status)) r["exit_code"]=(f64)(128+WTERMSIG(status));
 	return(r);
 }
 
@@ -1433,6 +1595,98 @@ public:
 		worker.active_workspace = this;
 	}
 
+	using InvocationClock = std::chrono::steady_clock;
+	bool invocation_active = false;
+	InvocationClock::time_point invocation_deadline;
+	u64 invocation_budget_ms = 0;
+
+	u64 invocation_remaining_ms(InvocationClock::time_point now = InvocationClock::now()) const
+	{
+		if(!invocation_active)
+			return(UINT64_MAX);
+		if(now >= invocation_deadline)
+			return(0);
+		u64 remaining_us = (u64)std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(invocation_deadline - now).count();
+		return(remaining_us / 1000 + (remaining_us % 1000 != 0));
+	}
+
+	bool invocation_expired(InvocationClock::time_point now = InvocationClock::now()) const
+	{
+		return(invocation_active && now >= invocation_deadline);
+	}
+
+	String invocation_timeout_error() const
+	{
+		return("UCE_INVOCATION_TIMEOUT: wasm invocation exceeded " + std::to_string(invocation_budget_ms) + " ms");
+	}
+
+	void arm_guest_deadline(wasmtime::Store::Context context)
+	{
+		u64 ticks = worker.cfg.epoch_deadline_ticks;
+		if(invocation_active)
+		{
+			u64 remaining_ms = invocation_remaining_ms();
+			if(remaining_ms == 0)
+				ticks = 0;
+			else
+			{
+				u64 remaining_ticks = remaining_ms / worker.cfg.epoch_period_ms +
+					(remaining_ms % worker.cfg.epoch_period_ms != 0);
+				u64 segment_ms = worker.cfg.epoch_deadline_ticks > UINT64_MAX / worker.cfg.epoch_period_ms ?
+					UINT64_MAX : worker.cfg.epoch_deadline_ticks * worker.cfg.epoch_period_ms;
+				// One extra tick prevents the engine ticker's current phase from
+				// interrupting just before the absolute steady-clock deadline.
+				if(remaining_ms <= segment_ms)
+					ticks = remaining_ticks == UINT64_MAX ? UINT64_MAX : remaining_ticks + 1;
+			}
+		}
+		context.set_epoch_deadline(ticks);
+	}
+
+	u64 bounded_hostcall_timeout_ms(u64 requested_ms) const
+	{
+		if(!invocation_active)
+			return(requested_ms);
+		u64 remaining_ms = invocation_remaining_ms();
+		return(std::min(requested_ms, remaining_ms));
+	}
+
+	class InvocationScope
+	{
+		WasmWorkspace& workspace;
+		bool replaced = false;
+		bool previous_active = false;
+		InvocationClock::time_point previous_deadline;
+		u64 previous_budget_ms = 0;
+	public:
+		InvocationScope(WasmWorkspace& workspace, u64 timeout_cap_ms = 0, bool force_new = false) : workspace(workspace)
+		{
+			if(!workspace.invocation_active || force_new)
+			{
+				replaced = true;
+				previous_active = workspace.invocation_active;
+				previous_deadline = workspace.invocation_deadline;
+				previous_budget_ms = workspace.invocation_budget_ms;
+				u64 budget_ms = workspace.worker.cfg.invocation_timeout_ms;
+				if(timeout_cap_ms > 0)
+					budget_ms = std::min(budget_ms, timeout_cap_ms);
+				workspace.invocation_active = true;
+				workspace.invocation_budget_ms = budget_ms;
+				workspace.invocation_deadline = InvocationClock::now() + std::chrono::milliseconds(budget_ms);
+			}
+			workspace.arm_guest_deadline(workspace.ctx());
+		}
+		~InvocationScope()
+		{
+			if(!replaced)
+				return;
+			workspace.invocation_active = previous_active;
+			workspace.invocation_deadline = previous_deadline;
+			workspace.invocation_budget_ms = previous_budget_ms;
+			workspace.arm_guest_deadline(workspace.ctx());
+		}
+	};
+
 	void set_perf_snapshot(u64 worker_pid, u64 parent_pid, u64 request_count,
 		f64 time_init, f64 time_params, f64 time_input, f64 time_start,
 		u64 ready_normalize_us, u64 ready_mutation_check_us, u64 ready_artifact_stat_us,
@@ -1534,7 +1788,7 @@ public:
 		};
 		auto cx = ctx();
 		store.limiter(worker.cfg.memory_limit, -1, -1, -1, -1);
-		cx.set_epoch_deadline(worker.cfg.epoch_deadline_ticks);
+		arm_guest_deadline(cx);
 		birth_policy_us = phase_us();
 
 		auto& module = *worker.core_module;
@@ -1708,6 +1962,7 @@ public:
 	// empty body, a missing cli/serve handler to a 404).
 	String invoke_entry(const String& entry_source_path, const String& handler, bool* handler_present = 0)
 	{
+		InvocationScope invocation(*this);
 		auto phase_started = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
 		auto phase_us = [&]() {
 			auto now = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
@@ -1719,6 +1974,8 @@ public:
 		size_t unit_index = 0;
 		String error = load_unit(entry_source_path, "entry", unit_index);
 		entry_load_us = phase_us();
+		if(invocation_expired())
+			return(invocation_timeout_error());
 		if(error != "")
 			return(error);
 		String handler_symbol = handler_export_symbol(handler);
@@ -1761,7 +2018,7 @@ public:
 		if(error != "")
 			return(error);
 		entry_link_us = phase_us();
-		auto result = entry->call(ctx(), { wasmtime::Val((int32_t)handler_slot), wasmtime::Val((int32_t)once_slot) });
+		auto result = call_guest(*entry, { wasmtime::Val((int32_t)handler_slot), wasmtime::Val((int32_t)once_slot) });
 		entry_dispatch_us = phase_us();
 		if(!result)
 			return(trap_text(result.err()));
@@ -1839,6 +2096,8 @@ private:
 	String trap_text(const wasmtime::TrapError& error)
 	{
 		String result = wasm_trace_collapse(String(error.message()));
+		if(invocation_expired() && result.find("interrupt") != String::npos && result.find("UCE_INVOCATION_TIMEOUT:") == String::npos)
+			result = invocation_timeout_error() + "\n" + result;
 		struct Frame
 		{
 			String module;
@@ -1952,6 +2211,13 @@ private:
 		return(std::nullopt);
 	}
 
+	wasmtime::TrapResult<std::vector<wasmtime::Val>> call_guest(wasmtime::Func& func, std::vector<wasmtime::Val> args)
+	{
+		auto context = ctx();
+		arm_guest_deadline(context);
+		return(func.call(context, args));
+	}
+
 	String call_core(const String& name, std::vector<int32_t> argv, int32_t* result_out)
 	{
 		auto func = core_func(name);
@@ -1960,7 +2226,7 @@ private:
 		std::vector<wasmtime::Val> args;
 		for(auto value : argv)
 			args.push_back(wasmtime::Val(value));
-		auto result = func->call(ctx(), args);
+		auto result = call_guest(*func, args);
 		if(!result)
 			return(trap_text(result.err()));
 		auto values = result.ok();
@@ -2082,7 +2348,7 @@ private:
 		// watchdog before the first core call so that wall time cannot make the
 		// otherwise harmless malloc/reloc sequence trap immediately.
 		auto allocate_start = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
-		ctx().set_epoch_deadline(worker.cfg.epoch_deadline_ticks);
+		arm_guest_deadline(ctx());
 		if(mod->abi.version != abi_version)
 			return(mod->wasm_path + ": uce.abi version " + std::to_string(mod->abi.version)
 				+ " does not match core ABI " + std::to_string(abi_version));
@@ -2255,19 +2521,19 @@ private:
 		// init sequence, then bind this unit's context to the request
 		if(auto relocs = unit_func(unit_index, "__wasm_apply_data_relocs"))
 		{
-			auto result = relocs->call(ctx(), {});
+			auto result = call_guest(*relocs, {});
 			if(!result)
 				return(trap_text(result.err()));
 		}
 		if(auto ctors = unit_func(unit_index, "__wasm_call_ctors"))
 		{
-			auto result = ctors->call(ctx(), {});
+			auto result = call_guest(*ctors, {});
 			if(!result)
 				return(trap_text(result.err()));
 		}
 		if(auto set_request = unit_func(unit_index, "__uce_set_current_request"))
 		{
-			auto result = set_request->call(ctx(), { wasmtime::Val(request_ptr) });
+			auto result = call_guest(*set_request, { wasmtime::Val(request_ptr) });
 			if(!result)
 				return(trap_text(result.err()));
 		}
@@ -2295,7 +2561,7 @@ private:
 			unit_module_operations[module_operation_index].materialize_us = materialize_us;
 		// Exclude the rest of host-side loading as well. A genuine runaway loop
 		// makes no loads, so it still trips the deadline.
-		ctx().set_epoch_deadline(worker.cfg.epoch_deadline_ticks);
+		arm_guest_deadline(ctx());
 		return("");
 	}
 
@@ -2714,12 +2980,13 @@ private:
 		return(slot);
 	}
 
-	String run_task_callback(u64 callback_id)
+	String run_task_callback(u64 callback_id, u64 timeout_cap_ms)
 	{
+		InvocationScope invocation(*this, timeout_cap_ms, true);
 		auto runner = core_func("uce_wasm_task_run");
 		if(!runner)
 			return("core does not export uce_wasm_task_run");
-		auto result = runner->call(ctx(), { wasmtime::Val((int64_t)callback_id) });
+		auto result = call_guest(*runner, { wasmtime::Val((int64_t)callback_id) });
 		if(!result)
 			return(trap_text(result.err()));
 		return("");
@@ -2749,17 +3016,16 @@ private:
 			bool profile_memcache = name == "uce_host_memcache_command";
 			auto profiled = [self, callback, profile_index, profile_enabled, profile_mysql, profile_memcache](Caller caller, Span<const Val> args, Span<Val> results) mutable -> Result<std::monostate, Trap> {
 				auto started = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+				if(self->invocation_expired(started))
+					return(Trap(self->invocation_timeout_error()));
 				f64 cpu_started = profile_enabled && self->worker.cfg.profile_hostcall_cpu ? wasm_thread_cpu_time() : 0;
 				auto result = callback(caller, args, results);
-				// Epoch interruption limits guest CPU, not time spent in native I/O,
-				// process management, hashing, or other host work. Re-arm at the one
-				// membrane every hostcall crosses so newly added blocking imports
-				// cannot silently consume the next guest segment's budget.
-				caller.context().set_epoch_deadline(self->worker.cfg.epoch_deadline_ticks);
+				auto finished = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+				self->arm_guest_deadline(caller.context());
 				f64 cpu_finished = profile_enabled && self->worker.cfg.profile_hostcall_cpu ? wasm_thread_cpu_time() : 0;
 				if(profile_enabled)
 				{
-					u64 elapsed = (u64)std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - started).count();
+					u64 elapsed = (u64)std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(finished - started).count();
 					u64 cpu_elapsed = cpu_started > 0 && cpu_finished > cpu_started ?
 						(u64)((cpu_finished - cpu_started) * 1000000.0) : 0;
 					self->hostcall_count++;
@@ -2782,6 +3048,8 @@ private:
 						self->memcache_hostcall_total_us += elapsed;
 					}
 				}
+				if(self->invocation_expired(finished))
+					return(Trap(self->invocation_timeout_error()));
 				return(result);
 			};
 			auto defined = linker.func_new(mod, name, func_type, profiled);
@@ -3072,7 +3340,16 @@ private:
 				String stage_key = "shell:" + cmd;
 				if(!self->hostcall_staged(stage_key, out))
 				{
-					out = ::shell_exec(cmd);
+					u64 remaining_ms = self->invocation_remaining_ms();
+					u64 timeout_ms = std::max<u64>(1, self->bounded_hostcall_timeout_ms(5000));
+					DValue execution = uce_process_exec(cmd + " 2>&1", "", StringMap(), timeout_ms);
+					if(execution["timed_out"].to_bool())
+					{
+						String kind = self->invocation_expired() || remaining_ms <= 5000 ?
+							"UCE_INVOCATION_TIMEOUT" : "UCE_HOSTCALL_TIMEOUT";
+						return(Trap(kind + ": shell_exec exceeded " + std::to_string(timeout_ms) + " ms"));
+					}
+					out = execution["stdout"].to_string();
 					if(buf == 0)
 						self->hostcall_stage(stage_key, out);
 				}
@@ -3084,7 +3361,7 @@ private:
 		if(mod == "env" && name == "uce_host_http_request")
 			return(add([self](Caller caller, Span<const Val> args, Span<Val> results) -> Result<std::monostate, Trap> {
 				String encoded; self->hostcall_read(args[0].i32(), args[1].i32(), encoded); u32 cap=(u32)args[3].i32(); int32_t buf=args[2].i32(); String out; String stage_key="http:"+encoded;
-				if(!self->hostcall_staged(stage_key,out)) { DValue req,response; String err; if(ucb_decode(encoded,req,&err)) response=uce_http_request_value(req); else response["error"]="http_request decode failed: "+err; out=ucb_encode(response); if(buf==0) self->hostcall_stage(stage_key,out); }
+				if(!self->hostcall_staged(stage_key,out)) { DValue req,response; String err; if(ucb_decode(encoded,req,&err)) { u64 requested=req.key("timeout_ms")?req.key("timeout_ms")->to_u64(5000):5000; if(requested==0)requested=5000; req["timeout_ms"]=(f64)std::max<u64>(1,self->bounded_hostcall_timeout_ms(requested)); response=uce_http_request_value(req); } else response["error"]="http_request decode failed: "+err; out=ucb_encode(response); if(buf==0) self->hostcall_stage(stage_key,out); }
 				if(buf&&cap>=out.size()) self->hostcall_write(buf,out); results[0]=Val((int32_t)out.size()); return(std::monostate());
 			}));
 		if(mod == "env" && name == "uce_host_http_request_async")
@@ -3094,7 +3371,7 @@ private:
 				String encoded; self->hostcall_read(args[0].i32(), args[1].i32(), encoded);
 				u32 cap=(u32)args[3].i32(); int32_t buf=args[2].i32();
 				String out; String stage_key="shell_dv:"+encoded;
-				if(!self->hostcall_staged(stage_key,out)) { DValue spec, response; String err; if(ucb_decode(encoded,spec,&err)) response=uce_shell_exec_spec(spec); else response["error"]="shell_exec spec decode failed: "+err; out=ucb_encode(response); if(buf==0) self->hostcall_stage(stage_key,out); }
+				if(!self->hostcall_staged(stage_key,out)) { DValue spec, response; String err; if(ucb_decode(encoded,spec,&err)) { u64 requested=spec.key("timeout_ms")?spec.key("timeout_ms")->to_u64(5000):5000; if(requested==0)requested=5000; spec["timeout_ms"]=(f64)std::max<u64>(1,self->bounded_hostcall_timeout_ms(requested)); response=uce_shell_exec_spec(spec); } else response["error"]="shell_exec spec decode failed: "+err; out=ucb_encode(response); if(buf==0) self->hostcall_stage(stage_key,out); }
 				if(buf&&cap>=out.size()) self->hostcall_write(buf,out);
 				results[0]=Val((int32_t)out.size()); return(std::monostate());
 			}));
@@ -3103,11 +3380,23 @@ private:
 				String encoded; self->hostcall_read(args[0].i32(), args[1].i32(), encoded); DValue spec; String err; u64 id=0; if(ucb_decode(encoded,spec,&err)) id=uce_shell_spawn_spec(spec); results[0]=Val((int64_t)id); return(std::monostate());
 			}));
 		if(mod == "env" && name == "uce_host_job_status")
-			return(add([self](Caller, Span<const Val> args, Span<Val> results) -> Result<std::monostate, Trap> { String out=ucb_encode(uce_job_status_value((u64)args[0].i64())); u32 cap=(u32)args[2].i32(); int32_t buf=args[1].i32(); if(buf&&cap>=out.size()) self->hostcall_write(buf,out); results[0]=Val((int32_t)out.size()); return(std::monostate()); }));
+			return(add([self](Caller, Span<const Val> args, Span<Val> results) -> Result<std::monostate, Trap> { u64 job_id=(u64)args[0].i64(); String out,stage_key="job_status:"+std::to_string(job_id); u32 cap=(u32)args[2].i32(); int32_t buf=args[1].i32(); if(!self->hostcall_staged(stage_key,out)){out=ucb_encode(uce_job_status_value(job_id));if(buf==0)self->hostcall_stage(stage_key,out);} if(buf&&cap>=out.size()) self->hostcall_write(buf,out); results[0]=Val((int32_t)out.size()); return(std::monostate()); }));
 		if(mod == "env" && name == "uce_host_job_result")
-			return(add([self](Caller, Span<const Val> args, Span<Val> results) -> Result<std::monostate, Trap> { String out=ucb_encode(uce_job_result_value((u64)args[0].i64(), 100)); u32 cap=(u32)args[2].i32(); int32_t buf=args[1].i32(); if(buf&&cap>=out.size()) self->hostcall_write(buf,out); results[0]=Val((int32_t)out.size()); return(std::monostate()); }));
+			return(add([self](Caller, Span<const Val> args, Span<Val> results) -> Result<std::monostate, Trap> { u64 job_id=(u64)args[0].i64(); String out,stage_key="job_result:"+std::to_string(job_id); u32 cap=(u32)args[2].i32(); int32_t buf=args[1].i32(); if(!self->hostcall_staged(stage_key,out)){out=ucb_encode(uce_job_result_value(job_id, self->bounded_hostcall_timeout_ms(100)));if(buf==0)self->hostcall_stage(stage_key,out);} if(buf&&cap>=out.size()) self->hostcall_write(buf,out); results[0]=Val((int32_t)out.size()); return(std::monostate()); }));
 		if(mod == "env" && name == "uce_host_job_await")
-			return(add([self](Caller, Span<const Val> args, Span<Val> results) -> Result<std::monostate, Trap> { u64 timeout=std::min<u64>((u64)args[1].i64(), 30000); String out=ucb_encode(uce_job_result_value((u64)args[0].i64(), timeout)); u32 cap=(u32)args[3].i32(); int32_t buf=args[2].i32(); if(buf&&cap>=out.size()) self->hostcall_write(buf,out); results[0]=Val((int32_t)out.size()); return(std::monostate()); }));
+			return(add([self](Caller, Span<const Val> args, Span<Val> results) -> Result<std::monostate, Trap> {
+				u64 job_id=(u64)args[0].i64(), requested_timeout=(u64)args[1].i64();
+				u32 cap=(u32)args[3].i32(); int32_t buf=args[2].i32();
+				String out, stage_key="job_await:"+std::to_string(job_id)+":"+std::to_string(requested_timeout);
+				if(!self->hostcall_staged(stage_key,out))
+				{
+					u64 timeout=self->bounded_hostcall_timeout_ms(std::min<u64>(requested_timeout, 30000));
+					out=ucb_encode(uce_job_result_value(job_id, timeout));
+					if(buf==0) self->hostcall_stage(stage_key,out);
+				}
+				if(buf&&cap>=out.size()) self->hostcall_write(buf,out);
+				results[0]=Val((int32_t)out.size()); return(std::monostate());
+			}));
 		if(mod == "env" && name == "uce_host_job_cancel")
 			return(add([](Caller, Span<const Val> args, Span<Val> results) -> Result<std::monostate, Trap> { results[0]=Val((int32_t)(uce_job_cancel_value((u64)args[0].i64())?1:0)); return(std::monostate()); }));
 		if(mod == "env" && name == "uce_host_path_real")
@@ -3671,8 +3960,9 @@ private:
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					::socket_write((u64)args[0].i64(), command + "\r\n");
-					out = ::socket_read((u64)args[0].i64());
+					u64 socket_fd = (u64)args[0].i64();
+					wasm_socket_write_bounded(socket_fd, command + "\r\n", self->bounded_hostcall_timeout_ms(1000));
+					out = wasm_socket_read_bounded(socket_fd, 1024 * 128, self->bounded_hostcall_timeout_ms(1000));
 					if(buf == 0)
 					{
 						self->staged_memcache_key = key;
@@ -3810,28 +4100,8 @@ private:
 			return(add([self](Caller caller, Span<const Val> args, Span<Val> results) -> Result<std::monostate, Trap> {
 				String host;
 				self->hostcall_read(args[0].i32(), args[1].i32(), host);
-				int fd = ::socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_TCP);
-				if(fd >= 0)
-				{
-					struct sockaddr_in addr = {0};
-					addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
-					addr.sin_port = htons((short)args[2].i32());
-					addr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr(host.c_str());
-					if(::connect(fd, (struct sockaddr*)&addr, sizeof(addr)) < 0)
-					{
-						::close(fd);
-						fd = -1;
-					}
-					else if(fd == 0)
-					{
-						int moved = ::dup(fd);
-						::close(fd);
-						fd = moved;
-					}
-					if(fd > 0 && context)
-						context->resources.sockets.push_back(fd);
-				}
-				results[0] = Val((int64_t)(fd > 0 ? fd : 0));
+				u64 fd = wasm_socket_connect_bounded(host, (u16)args[2].i32(), self->bounded_hostcall_timeout_ms(self->worker.cfg.invocation_timeout_ms));
+				results[0] = Val((int64_t)fd);
 				return(std::monostate());
 			}));
 		if(mod == "env" && name == "uce_host_socket_close")
@@ -3843,17 +4113,20 @@ private:
 			return(add([self](Caller, Span<const Val> args, Span<Val> results) -> Result<std::monostate, Trap> {
 				String data;
 				self->hostcall_read(args[1].i32(), args[2].i32(), data);
-				results[0] = Val(::socket_write((u64)args[0].i64(), data) ? (int32_t)1 : (int32_t)0);
+				results[0] = Val(wasm_socket_write_bounded((u64)args[0].i64(), data, self->bounded_hostcall_timeout_ms(self->worker.cfg.invocation_timeout_ms)) ? (int32_t)1 : (int32_t)0);
 				return(std::monostate());
 			}));
 		if(mod == "env" && name == "uce_host_socket_read")
 			return(add([self](Caller caller, Span<const Val> args, Span<Val> results) -> Result<std::monostate, Trap> {
 				u64 sockfd = (u64)args[0].i64();
 				u32 max_length = (u32)args[1].i32();
-				u32 timeout = (u32)args[2].i32();
+				u32 requested_timeout = (u32)args[2].i32();
+				u64 requested_ms = requested_timeout == 0 ? self->invocation_remaining_ms() : (u64)requested_timeout * 1000;
+				u64 bounded_ms = self->bounded_hostcall_timeout_ms(requested_ms);
 				int32_t buf = args[3].i32();
 				u32 cap = (u32)args[4].i32();
-				String key = std::to_string(sockfd) + ":" + std::to_string(max_length) + ":" + std::to_string(timeout);
+				// The size and fetch calls share this key, while the remaining budget may change between them.
+				String key = std::to_string(sockfd) + ":" + std::to_string(max_length) + ":" + std::to_string(requested_timeout);
 				String out;
 				if(buf != 0 && self->staged_socket_read_key == key)
 				{
@@ -3863,7 +4136,7 @@ private:
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					out = ::socket_read(sockfd, max_length, timeout);
+					out = wasm_socket_read_bounded(sockfd, max_length, bounded_ms);
 					if(buf == 0)
 					{
 						self->staged_socket_read_key = key;
@@ -3920,8 +4193,9 @@ private:
 				// before the hostcall stack unwinds, so `self` points to the child's
 				// copy of this per-request workspace. The parent request can return and
 				// destroy its workspace without invalidating the child copy.
-				auto run_callback = [self, callback_id]() {
-					String error = self->run_task_callback(callback_id);
+				u64 task_timeout_ms = timeout > UINT64_MAX / 1000 ? UINT64_MAX : timeout * 1000;
+				auto run_callback = [self, callback_id, task_timeout_ms]() {
+					String error = self->run_task_callback(callback_id, task_timeout_ms);
 					if(error != "")
 						fprintf(stderr, "[wasm task] callback failed: %s\n", error.c_str());
 				};
@@ -3959,19 +4233,17 @@ private:
 		if(mod == "env" && name == "uce_host_sleep_us")
 			return(add([self](Caller caller, Span<const Val> args, Span<Val> results) -> Result<std::monostate, Trap> {
 				u64 usec = (u64)args[0].i64();
-				while(usec >= 1000000ull)
-				{
-					unsigned int remaining = ::sleep((unsigned int)(usec / 1000000ull));
-					if(remaining != 0)
-					{
-						results[0] = Val((int32_t)remaining);
-						return(std::monostate());
-					}
-					usec %= 1000000ull;
-				}
-				if(usec > 0)
-					::usleep((useconds_t)usec);
-				results[0] = Val((int32_t)0);
+				u64 requested_ms = usec / 1000 + (usec % 1000 != 0);
+				u64 bounded_ms = self->bounded_hostcall_timeout_ms(requested_ms);
+				u64 bounded_usec = bounded_ms > UINT64_MAX / 1000 ? UINT64_MAX : bounded_ms * 1000;
+				u64 sleep_usec = std::min(usec, bounded_usec);
+				struct timespec requested = { (time_t)(sleep_usec / 1000000), (long)((sleep_usec % 1000000) * 1000) };
+				struct timespec interrupted = { 0, 0 };
+				u64 unslept_usec = usec - sleep_usec;
+				if(sleep_usec > 0 && nanosleep(&requested, &interrupted) != 0 && errno == EINTR)
+					unslept_usec += (u64)interrupted.tv_sec * 1000000 + (u64)interrupted.tv_nsec / 1000;
+				u64 unslept_seconds = unslept_usec / 1000000 + (unslept_usec % 1000000 != 0);
+				results[0] = Val((int32_t)std::min<u64>(UINT32_MAX, unslept_seconds));
 				return(std::monostate());
 			}));
 		if(mod == "env" && name == "uce_host_regex")